Givnish TJ (1986) On the economy of plant form and function. įreeman DC, Klikoff LG, Harper KT (1976) Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants. J Plant Biol 48:319–325įalster DS, Warton DI, Wright IJ (2006) SMATR: standardised major axis tests and routines. Trends Ecol Evol 26:88–95Įideh RA, Elkarmi A (2005) Allometric relationships of Malva parviflora growing in two different bioclimatic regions. Trends Ecol Evol 16:646–655ĭonovan LA, Maherali H, Caruso CM, Huber H, de Kroon H (2011) The evolution of the worldwide leaf economics spectrum. Am Nat 166:S31–S41ĭíaz S, Cabido M (2001) Vive la différence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes. Springer, New York, pp 175–215ĭelph LF, Gehring JL, Arntz AM, Levri M, Frey FM (2005) Genetic correlations with floral display lead to sexual dimorphism in the cost of reproduction. In: Geber MA, Dawson TE, Delph LF (eds) Gender and sexual dimorphism in flowering plants. ![]() Ecology 74:798–815ĭawson TE, Geber ME (1999) Sexual dimorphism in physiology and morphology. ![]() London, John Murrayĭawson TE, Ehleringer JR (1993) Gender-specific physiology, carbon isotope discrimination, and habitat distribution in boxelder, Acer negundo. J Exp Bot 62:5037–5050ĭarwin C (1877) The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. New Phytol 183:1212–1221Ĭhen L, Han Y, Jiang H, Korpelainen H, Li C (2011) Nitrogen nutrient status induces sexual differences in responses to cadmium in Populus yunnanensis. New Phytol 139:459–470Ĭhen H, Niklas KJ, Yang DM, Sun SC (2009) The effect of twig architecture and seed number on seed size variation in subtropical woody species. J Hered 23:67–69īrouat C, Gibernau M, Amsellem L, McKey D (1998) Corner’s rules revisited: ontogenetic and interspecific patterns in leaf-stem allometry. Oecologia 120:132–136īressman EN (1932) Some dioecious plants. Ann Bot 86:211–221īond WJ, Honing M, Maze KE (1999) Seed size and seedling emergence: an allometric relationship and some ecological implications. Our results demonstrated that females tended to have more photosynthetic organ area per unit supporting tissue mass than males, which reflects functional adaptation of twigs in female plants to meet their specific reproductive needs.Īinsworth C (2000) Boys and girls come out to play: The molecular biology of dioecious plants. Females had larger total leaf area per unit stem mass than males at the twig level, but a thinner and larger blade for a given petiole mass than males at the leaf level. An allometric scaling relationship with a common slope <1.0 existed between total leaf area and stem mass, while isometric scaling relationships were between lamina area and petiole mass or lamina mass. Significantly positive correlations among lamina area and petiole mass or lamina mass were found in both male and female trees at the twig and leaf level, and scaling relationships between these traits differed between sexes. The scaling relationships within twig and leaf components were determined using the model type II regression method. cathayana trees along an altitudinal gradient (1,400–1,700 m) of the Xiaowutai Mountain, Hebei, north China. Lamina mass and area, petiole mass and area, and stem mass were measured for the current-year terminal twigs in 62 (29 females and 33 males) mature P. To explore sexual differences in scaling relationships among twig components in dioecious species, we took advantage of a field study of Populus cathayana Rehd, a dioecious tree native to China. ![]() Since the evolution of reproductive requirements for disseminating pollen or producing seeds/fruits has led to sexual dimorphisms of twigs in dioecious species, different functional traits among twig components should exist between sexes. We examined sexual differences in scaling relationships among twig components in dioecious species Populus cathayana Rehd, and explored the functional adaptation of twigs in female plants.
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